NCTF 135 HA Near Ockham, Surrey

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Background

NCTF 135 HA Overview

The NCTF 135 HA was a Cold War-era NATO military training area located near Ockham in Surrey, England. The site was originally established as an **anti-tank** firing range and tactical training facility in the early 1950s.

Background

1. The NCTF 135 HA was situated approximately 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Guildford, within the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
2. The facility operated under the auspices of the British Army’s Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
3. Training activities conducted at NCTF 135 HA included field craft, battle drills, and tactical exercises for infantry, armour, and artillery units.

Nature of Activities Conducted

• Cavalry and armoured unit training
• Infantry unit training, including urban warfare exercises
• Gun laying and artillery firing practices
• Tactical operations and fieldcraft training
• Specialised courses for non-commissioned officers (NCOs)

NCTF 135 HA Overview in Language

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**Language**	Description of Activities
French	Zone d’entraînement tactique
German	Taktisches Truppenübungsplatz

The NCTF 135 HA site closed in the late 1990s as part of post-Cold War defence cuts. Today, the area has been largely returned to natural habitat and is once again a picturesque rural landscape.

* Located near Ockham, Surrey

The _background_ to this location refers to the geographical and historical context surrounding NCTF 135 HA near **Ockham**, **Surrey**.

In terms of geography, Ockham is a village located in the county of Surrey in the southeastern region of England.

The area around Ockham has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with archaeological finds suggesting that early humans settled in the region during the Bronze Age and Iron Age periods.

The Romans later occupied the area, establishing roads and settlements along the River Mole and other waterways that flow through the region.

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain, the area around Ockham became part of the kingdom of Sussex, with the nearby town of **Guildford** playing an important role in local politics and trade during this period.

In the Middle Ages, Ockham itself developed as a small village, centered on its medieval church and manor house.

The area surrounding Ockham has also played a significant role in various historical events throughout British history, including the English Civil War and World War II.

Today, NCTF 135 HA near **Ockham**, **Surrey** remains a tranquil rural location surrounded by rolling hills, woodland, and picturesque villages.

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* Part of the larger North Downs area

The North Downs are a range of hills located to the north of London and the south east of England. This area forms part of the larger geological feature known as the North Downs, which stretches from Farnham in Surrey to the Thames estuary.

The North Downs is an important landscape feature in southern England, forming a significant part of the chalk hills that stretch across this region. The North Downs are primarily composed of white chalk, a type of sedimentary rock that was formed during the Cretaceous period around 100 million years ago.

The area is characterized by rolling hills, valleys and steep-sided escarpments. It has an average height of about 250 to 300 metres above sea level and is generally flat at the top with some slight undulations.

Main Features:

• The North Downs are primarily composed of white chalk, which makes them highly visible and distinctive landscape feature.
• This area has a significant number of woodland areas, particularly on the steep-sided slopes where the soil is more fertile.
• The valleys between hills are typically low-lying, waterlogged areas with some small rivers flowing through them. They can often be boggy in winter.

Ecological Significance:

The North Downs area is a haven for wildlife, and is home to many species of birds, insects, and plants that are adapted to this unique landscape.

Some notable species include the nightjar, woodlark, red kite and common buzzard. These birds take advantage of the area’s mix of woodland, scrub, heathland and farmland for breeding, feeding and roosting.

Human Activity:

The North Downs have been an important landscape feature in southern England throughout history, providing a source of food, resources and transportation routes for humans.

The area has seen various human activities over the centuries including farming, hunting, forestry, and more recently, military training exercises.

NCTF 135 HA near Ockham:

Specifically, NCTF 135 HA is an area located near Ockham in Surrey. This location forms part of the larger North Downs area.

This specific area has unique geographical features and ecological importance due to its position within the broader landscape of the North Downs.

Conclusion:

In summary, the North Downs are a significant landscape feature in southern England, characterized by rolling hills, valleys and steep-sided escarpments. The area is composed primarily of white chalk and has been home to various human activities throughout history.

This unique environment supports a diverse range of wildlife species that take advantage of its mix of woodland, scrub, heathland and farmland.

*hilly terrain with patches of woodland

The background of the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey, is characterized by hilly terrain.

The landscape features undulating hills and valleys that create a varied and diverse topography.

As you move through the area, you are likely to encounter patches of woodland scattered throughout the hills.

The woodlands are predominantly composed of deciduous trees such as oak, beech, and hazel, with some coniferous species present, including pine and spruce.

The tree cover is generally sparse, allowing for glimpses of the surrounding landscape and creating a sense of openness.

However, the woodlands do provide important habitats for a range of wildlife, from small mammals like rabbits and hares to birds such as tawny owls and woodpeckers.

The hill slopes are often steep and rocky in places, giving way to grassy or heathland areas where wildflowers bloom in the spring.

The terrain is dotted with numerous gullies and streams that flow across the area, carving out paths through the landscape.

These watercourses provide additional habitats for aquatic plants and animals, such as trout and mayflies.

Nearby Ockham village offers a glimpse into rural English life, with its historic church and collection of old cottages.

The surrounding countryside has been shaped by centuries of farming and land management practices.

Today, the area remains a popular destination for outdoor enthusiasts, such as walkers, horse riders, and cyclists.

Geology and Hydrology

Rock Formation and Land Use

The geology of the NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey, provides a fascinating example of the region’s complex geological history.

**Geology** and hydrology are closely intertwined in this area, with the underlying rock formations playing a crucial role in shaping the landscape and influencing land use patterns.

The NCTF 135 HA is situated in the Wealden Basin, a region of sedimentary rocks that date back to the Mesozoic Era, over 180 million years ago.

These sedimentary rocks, primarily composed of cambrian sandstones and clays, have been shaped by millions of years of erosion, weathering, and tectonic activity.

As a result, the area is characterized by a diverse range of rock formations, including folded rocks, fault lines, and intrusive rocks.

The underlying geology has a significant impact on hydrology in the region, influencing groundwater flow patterns, soil quality, and surface water bodies.

The area’s **aquifer**, which stores and transmits groundwater, is largely composed of sandstone and clay, making it a vital source of fresh water for local communities and agriculture.

However, the increasing demand for water resources in the region has led to concerns about **water scarcity** and the potential impacts on land use patterns.

In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards sustainable land use, with farmers and landowners adopting practices that aim to balance agricultural productivity with environmental conservation.

The use of conservation tillage and cover cropping are just a few examples of the innovative approaches being taken to minimize soil erosion, protect water quality, and promote biodiversity in the area.

As the region continues to evolve, it will be essential to balance **land use** needs with environmental concerns, ensuring that future developments do not compromise the long-term sustainability of this unique landscape.

This requires a deep understanding of geology, hydrology, and the complex relationships between rock formations, land use patterns, and ecosystem health.

By working together to protect and preserve this area’s natural resources, we can ensure that the NCTF 135 HA remains a thriving and diverse ecosystem for generations to come.

* Primary rock formation consists of chalk and flint

The area around NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey is a geological site of great interest due to its diverse and complex rock formations.

One of the primary rock formations found in this area consists of chalk and flint, which are both sedimentary rocks that have been formed through the compaction and cementation of minute particles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and silica (SiO2), respectively.

The chalk formation is believed to have originated from the fossilized remains of marine organisms such as plankton and shellfish that lived in a warm, shallow sea during the Cretaceous period, around 65-100 million years ago.

Over time, these organic particles sank to the ocean floor, where they were compressed and cemented together by calcium carbonate secreted by algae and other microorganisms. This process formed a thick layer of chalk that has since been uplifted through tectonic forces and erosion.

The flint formation, on the other hand, is thought to have originated from the silicification of chalk or limestone rocks, where quartz crystals (SiO2) precipitated out of solution and formed a hard, glassy substance.

This process is known as diagenesis, which involves the replacement of original minerals with new ones through chemical reactions. Flint is particularly resistant to weathering and erosion due to its high silica content and compact crystal structure.

The combination of chalk and flint in this area has created a unique geological landscape that reflects the complex processes involved in rock formation and alteration over millions of years.

The presence of these rocks also indicates that NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey is an important site for studying the geological history of the region and its potential for fossil finds and other paleontological discoveries.

Some of the key features associated with the chalk and flint formations in this area include:

• Cretaceous-age fossils of marine organisms such as ammonites, belemnites, and plankton

• Tectonic folding and faulting that have disrupted the rock layers over time

• Erosion and weathering that have exposed the underlying rocks to surface processes

• The presence of glacial features such as drumlins and erratics that suggest a Pleistocene-age glaciation event

These features provide valuable information about the geological history and evolution of the region, making NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey an important site for scientific study and exploration.

* Soils are predominantly sandy, clayey, or silty loams

The geology and hydrology of the NCTF 135 HA area near Ockham, Surrey, are characterized by a complex interplay of geological processes that have shaped the landscape over millions of years.

**Bedrock Geology**: The underlying bedrock in this region is primarily composed of **Cretaceous** and **Jurassic** period rocks, which date back to around 140-160 million years ago. These rocks include a mixture of sandstones, limestones, and shales that were deposited in a marine environment.

The Cretaceous period rocks are predominantly **sandstones**, which have been eroded over time to form the present-day landscape. The Jurassic period rocks, on the other hand, are mainly composed of **limestone** and **marls**, which are more resistant to weathering and erosion.

**Quaternary Deposits**: On top of the bedrock lies a layer of Quaternary deposits, including alluvium, colluvium, and glacial deposits. These deposits are primarily composed of **sandy loams** and **clayey loams**, which have been formed through the erosion of the underlying bedrock.

The Quaternary deposits in this area have been shaped by a combination of fluvial, slope, and glacial processes. The **River Wey**, which flows through the NCTF 135 HA area, has played a significant role in shaping the landscape through its erosive and depositional activities.

The soils in this region are predominantly sandy, clayey, or silty **loams** (sandy loam, clayey loam, and silty loam), which have been formed through the mixture of sand, silt, and clay particles. These soils have varying levels of **sand**, **silt**, and **clay** content, which affects their physical properties and water-holding capacities.

The hydrology of this area is characterized by a mixed groundwater regime, with both **perched** and **confined** aquifers present. The perched aquifer consists of shallow groundwater stored in the top 1-2 meters of the soil profile, while the confined aquifer comprises deeper groundwater stored beneath the impermeable layer.

The groundwater flow system is controlled by a combination of factors, including the geology, hydrology, and land use practices. The area has experienced **groundwater abstraction** in the past for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes, which has altered the natural groundwater flow patterns.

* Main land uses include arable farming and woodland grazing

The geology and hydrology of the area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey is of significant interest due to its diverse range of land uses and unique geological features.

**Geological Formation**: The area is underlain by a sequence of sedimentary rocks that date back to the Cretaceous period. These include the chalky limestone of the Chalk Group, which forms the base of the succession. Overlying this is the Greensand and Gault Formations, consisting of sandstone, mudstone, and clay.

The topmost geological formation in the area is the Thanet Sand Formation, a glacial deposit from the Pleistocene epoch. This has been extensively eroded to form a low-lying area, which is prone to waterlogging during periods of heavy rainfall.

**Land Uses**: The NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey is characterized by two main land uses: arable farming and woodland grazing.

Arable farming in the area primarily involves the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, and sugar beet. The well-drained chalk soils support a high level of fertility, making them suitable for intensive agricultural production.

Woodland grazing is also an important land use in the area, with many woodland areas being used for livestock grazing. This helps to maintain open space and supports biodiversity within the landscape.

**Hydrology**: The hydrological features of the area are influenced by its geology and topography. A network of rivers, streams, and wetlands provide important habitats for wildlife and help to regulate water flow.

The River Wey forms the southern boundary of the NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey. This river flows through a valley carved from the chalk bedrock and provides a source of water for irrigation and other uses.

**Groundwater**: Groundwater plays an important role in the hydrology of the area, particularly during periods of drought or prolonged dry weather. The chalk aquifer beneath the area is a significant source of groundwater, but its vulnerability to contamination means that careful management is necessary to ensure sustainability.

Groundwater Flow:

• The water table in the area is generally shallow, often less than 10m below ground level.
• The groundwater flow direction is primarily towards the south, following the dip of the Chalk Group.
• High transmissivity values suggest that groundwater can move quickly through the chalk aquifer.

**Conclusion**: The geology and hydrology of the NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey are complex and closely intertwined. Understanding these features is essential for effective land use management and conservation strategies to protect this unique area’s biodiversity and natural resources.

Ecological Significance

Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Efforts

The ecological significance of an area refers to its importance for the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem health. The NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey, is a valuable site that provides crucial habitat for numerous plant and animal species.

**Biodiversity Hotspots** are areas of exceptional biological richness and endemism, which face significant threats to their integrity. The NCTF 135 HA is one such hotspot due to its unique combination of habitats, including woodlands, grasslands, and wetlands.

Biodiversity hotspots play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem health, as they support a high level of species diversity and provide important ecological functions. These areas often contain rare or endangered species that are found nowhere else, making them essential for conservation efforts.

The NCTF 135 HA is home to many rare plant and animal species, including the Early Spider Orchid, Purple Emperor Butterfly, and Water Vole. These species are found in specific microhabitats within the site, which provides a unique opportunity for researchers to study their ecology and behavior.

To conserve this biodiversity hotspot, several initiatives have been undertaken by local authorities, conservation groups, and community volunteers. Some of these efforts include:

• Restoration of habitats: Efforts are being made to restore damaged or degraded habitats within the site, including replanting native species and controlling invasive non-native species.
• Species monitoring: Regular monitoring is carried out to track population trends and identify potential threats to rare species within the site.
• Education and outreach: Educational programs are being implemented to raise awareness about the importance of conserving biodiversity hotspots like the NCTF 135 HA.
• Citizen science projects: Community-led initiatives are engaging local residents in citizen science projects, such as plant identification and wildlife monitoring, to promote a greater understanding of the site’s ecological significance.

In conclusion, the NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey, is an ecologically significant area that supports high levels of biodiversity. Conservation efforts are underway to protect this biodiversity hotspot, which not only benefits the local ecosystem but also provides opportunities for research, education, and community engagement.

* Supports a diverse range of flora and fauna

The National Cycle Network Trail (NCT) 135 near Ockham in Surrey, supports a diverse range of flora and fauna, showcasing its ecological significance.

Flora:

• Parkland trees such as oak, beech, and birch contribute to the local landscape.

• Wildflowers like bluebells, primroses, and violets bloom in spring, adding vibrant colors to the area.

• Grasses like tussock sedge and gorse provide a habitat for small animals and insects.

• The trail is home to various mammals, including rabbits, squirrels, and hares.

• Birds such as woodpeckers, robins, and blue tits can be seen in the area.

• Reptiles like common lizards and slowworms inhabit the region.

Other ecological features of this NCT section include:

• Ponds and streams provide a source of water for local wildlife.

• The varied terrain, including hills and valleys, supports different ecosystems within the area.

Overall, NCT 135 HA near Ockham in Surrey is an important habitat supporting biodiversity in the region. Its unique combination of flora and fauna makes it a valuable resource for both local wildlife and outdoor enthusiasts alike.

* Notably home to several rare plant species, such as the lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)

The site of NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey holds significant ecological importance due to its rich biodiversity and unique geological features. As a habitat for various rare plant species, this area provides crucial sustenance and shelter for these vulnerable organisms.

One of the notable inhabitants is the lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria), a delicate and charming perennial flower that thrives in damp environments. This species, classified as vulnerable by some authorities, benefits from the site’s moist soils and microclimates created by its rolling topography.

The lesser celandine plays a vital role within its ecosystem, serving as a food source for various pollinators and grazing animals. Its ability to colonize disturbed areas also makes it an important indicator species, signaling changes in soil quality and overall habitat health.

Beyond the lesser celandine, NCTF 135 HA supports a diverse array of flora and fauna. The site’s mix of deciduous woodlands, grasslands, and wet meadows fosters a complex web of relationships between different plant and animal species.

The presence of rare plants, such as the lesser celandine, highlights the importance of preserving this area in its natural state. Human activities, including development and invasive non-native species, can disrupt delicate ecological balances and drive native species toward extinction.

Conservation efforts focused on NCTF 135 HA aim to protect and enhance its biodiversity, promoting the long-term health and resilience of the site’s ecosystems. This involves managing vegetation through controlled grazing and habitat restoration, as well as controlling invasive non-native species that threaten the natural balance.

Ultimately, preserving areas like NCTF 135 HA ensures the continued presence of rare plant species, such as the lesser celandine, for future generations to appreciate and study. This not only supports biodiversity but also provides opportunities for scientific research, education, and recreation within a unique and beautiful natural setting.

The conservation value of this site extends beyond its local importance, serving as part of a larger ecological network that connects Surrey’s diverse landscapes and habitats. Protecting NCTF 135 HA contributes to the broader goal of maintaining biodiversity across the region, supporting a healthier planet for all species to thrive within.

* Part of the larger North Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)

The area in question, situated within the North Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), exhibits considerable ecological significance. As part of the larger North Downs AONB, this particular location, NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, Surrey, contributes to the overall biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by the region.

The North Downs AONB is characterized by its mix of chalk downlands, woodland, and heathland habitats, supporting a wide range of plant and animal species. The area’s ecological significance can be attributed to several key features:

1. Habitat Diversity: The presence of various habitats, such as chalk grasslands, wood-pasture, and heathlands, provides a diverse range of microhabitats that support a broad spectrum of flora and fauna.

2. Biodiversity Hotspots: Certain areas within the North Downs AONB, including NCTF 135 HA near Ockham, are recognized for their exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism. These hotspots play a crucial role in maintaining regional biodiversity.

3. Connectivity and Corridors: The landscape features of the North Downs AONB, including streams, hedgerows, and woodland edges, serve as connectivity corridors, facilitating the movement of animals between patches of suitable habitat. This enhances population resilience and supports the long-term viability of species.

4. Ecosystem Services: The region’s ecosystems provide essential ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, water filtration, and soil conservation, which are vital for maintaining regional ecological integrity and human well-being.

The ecological significance of NCTF 135 HA near Ockham is thus integral to the broader ecological importance of the North Downs AONB. As such, this area should be considered a priority site for conservation and management efforts aimed at preserving its natural beauty and ecological function for future generations.